These two factors then became the control variables in their study. The findings revealed that a higher percentage of high school students in culture-of-honor states than in non-culture-of-honor states reported bringing a weapon to school at least one time in the previous month. The researchers then make the following hasty generalization based thereon: Since the deadly violence is done with weapons, the association between the culture and the bringing of weapons to school then supports the hypothesis that school violence might be greater in culture-of-honor states. In order to obtain a violence indicator that does not rely on self-reported behaviors, they conducted another study: Study 2.

Study 2 sought to answer the question whether or not culture-of-honor can predict "actual levels" of school violence. To obtain data for this portion, they researched case studies, government Websites, media reports, Internet databases; and, admittedly, since their analysis was sociocultural as opposed to idiographic, they "did not require the level of detail needed for in-depth case studies." In Study 2, they were able to obtain information about the shooters' backgrounds unlike in Study 1. Approximately 97% of the shooters were male with the aaerage age being 18.3 years. Where race could be determined, 37 were Caucasian, 12 black,...

Of the 108 prototypical shootings which occurred n the twenty year time span, exactly three times as many school shootings happened in culture-of-honor states. Even after multiple regression analyses which accounted for the states' populations and other variants, culture-of-honor remained a statistically significant predictor of shootings per capita. Furthermore, temperature, social composition, and economic insecurity were also predictors of violence in schools. Together, these studies confirm that there is a substantially increased risk of school violence in states classified as culture-of-honor states which may be the result of the hypothesis that school violence might be the product of long-term or recent experiences of "social marginalization, humiliation, rejection, or bullying" as all of these represent threats to one's honor.
Critique

In this era where school violence is on the rise and many times professionals and parents oftentimes wonder if there was a precursor or a sign that precipitated the violent event, studies like these have the potential to provide invaluable data for schools, families, and therapists to use in their assessment of whether or not a student should receive intervention services for fear of aggressive behavior. However, the utility of